What are the steps of query execution?
💡 Model Answer
When a SQL query is executed, the database follows these steps: 1) Parsing – the query text is parsed into a syntax tree and checked for syntax errors. 2) Semantic analysis – the tree is validated against the schema, ensuring tables and columns exist. 3) Optimization – the query optimizer rewrites the tree, estimates costs, and chooses an execution plan (e.g., nested loops, hash join). 4) Execution – the chosen plan is executed, accessing data via indexes or full scans, performing joins, aggregations, and filters. 5) Result formatting – the raw result set is formatted (e.g., row order, column types) and returned to the client. These steps ensure efficient and correct query processing.
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