What is the runtime for Spark?
💡 Model Answer
Apache Spark runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and is typically launched on a cluster manager such as YARN, Mesos, or Kubernetes. The core runtime component is the SparkContext, which initializes the driver program and manages the cluster resources. Spark jobs are executed as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) of stages, each stage consisting of multiple tasks that run in parallel across worker nodes. The runtime handles scheduling, fault tolerance via lineage, and in‑memory caching of RDDs or DataFrames. Spark’s ability to keep data in memory and its lazy evaluation model give it a performance advantage over traditional batch engines.
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